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What are the types of autism?
When parents, caregivers, or even professionals first encounter the word autism, one of the most common questions that arises is: “What are the types of autism?”
For many years, people believed autism came in different “types” or subcategories, like Asperger’s Syndrome, classic autism, or PDD-NOS. These types made sense at the time because individuals showed such a wide range of characteristics and challenges. But science has advanced, and today we know that this approach wasn’t entirely accurate. Autism is not about separate boxes; we understand it better as an autism spectrum umbrella, where each person has a unique profile of strengths, challenges, and support needs.
So, while people still search for “types of autism,” the truth is that professionals now classify autism in terms of levels of autism, describing the degree of support an individual may need. This modern understanding is both more precise and more compassionate because it highlights the real needs of individuals rather than labeling them with outdated categories.
In this article by ABA Centers of Virginia, we’ll explore why the idea of “types of autism” is outdated, how the spectrum works, and what the autism severity levels mean for individuals and their families.
Why We Used to Talk About “Types of Autism”
Before 2013, when the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) was released, clinicians often diagnosed autism under several subcategories. These included:
- Autistic Disorder (sometimes called “classic autism”)
- Asperger’s Syndrome
- Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)
- Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
- Rett Syndrome
Each of these “types” had slightly different diagnostic criteria. For example, clinicians often associated Asperger’s with average or above-average intelligence and no significant language delay, while classic autism frequently involved more pronounced challenges with communication and daily functioning.
However, research by the American Psychiatric Association showed that these labels weren’t reliable. Two children with very different needs might receive the same diagnosis, while another child’s diagnosis could change over time. The system didn’t truly capture the complexity of autism, and families often felt confused or unsupported.
The Shift Toward the Autism Spectrum Umbrella
To solve these inconsistencies, the DSM-5 and later the World Health Organization’s ICD-11 combined all the subtypes under one diagnosis: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This change recognized autism as a single condition with a wide range of presentations, rather than distinct types.
Think of autism as a spectrum of colors under one umbrella. Each shade is different, but they all belong to the same spectrum. One person might struggle more with social interaction, while another might have significant sensory sensitivities or difficulty with changes in routine. Instead of trying to fit people into rigid categories, the spectrum model emphasizes individuality.
This autism classification was a breakthrough. It gave clinicians a clearer, more flexible framework to describe not just whether someone has autism, but what kind of support they might need to thrive.
From Types to Levels of Autism
So, if “types of autism” is no longer the correct terminology, how do professionals describe autism today?
The DSM-5 introduced the concept of levels of autism (also called autism severity levels). These levels don’t define a person’s worth or potential; they describe how much support someone may need in two core areas:
- Social communication and interaction
- Restricted or repetitive behaviors
Here’s a closer look at the three levels:
Level 1: Requiring Support
- Challenges with starting conversations or responding to others
- May appear socially awkward or uninterested in relationships
- Struggles with organization and flexibility, especially during transitions
Example: A child who can attend school and complete most tasks independently but needs extra help with social skills or coping with sudden changes.
Level 2: Requiring Substantial Support
- Apparent difficulties with communication, even with support
- Reduced ability to initiate or maintain social interactions
- Noticeable rigidity in behavior, such as strong resistance to changes in routine
Example: A teenager who participates in daily activities but needs consistent help navigating social situations and adapting to changes at home or school.
Level 3: Requiring Very Substantial Support
- Severe communication difficulties, often with limited verbal skills
- Very restricted and repetitive behaviors that interfere with daily life
- High sensitivity to changes, making independence challenging
Example: An adult who requires significant support in most areas of daily living, including personal care and communication.
Importantly, these autism severity levels are not permanent labels. A person’s support needs can change over time with therapy, education, and life experiences.
Why This Classification Matters
This shift from “types of autism” to levels of autism reflects a more profound truth: autism is not about fitting into a box. It’s about recognizing each person’s unique profile.
- Families now have a more precise roadmap for understanding support needs
- Therapists can create individualized treatment plans
- Clinicians can tailor services and resources more effectively
For instance, a child at Level 1 might benefit from social skills groups, while a child at Level 3 may require intensive one-on-one therapy and specialized educational support. The autism spectrum umbrella ensures that all individuals, regardless of where they fall, are acknowledged and supported.
Autism, Identity, and Community
It’s also important to note that for many, autism is not just a diagnosis but a core part of their identity. Some people still identify with older terms like “Asperger’s” because those labels shaped their self-understanding and community. While the medical field now uses ASD as the unified term, the lived experiences and voices of individuals with autism remind us that identity is personal.
This balance, between medical classification and personal identity, illustrates why we should approach the topic of autism with empathy and respect.
The Role of Early Intervention and ABA Therapy
One of the most efficient ways to support individuals across the autism spectrum is through early intervention. The earlier children receive support, the greater their progress in communication, socialization, and independence.
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy is one evidence-based approach that can help children with autism build essential life skills. ABA therapy involves dividing complex activities into smaller, achievable components while using rewards and encouragement to support development.
For example:
- A child who struggles with transitions may learn strategies to manage changes calmly
- A teenager may practice social scripts to help with peer interactions
- Parents receive training and support, ensuring progress continues at home
While ABA therapy is not a “cure” (because autism is not something to be cured), it is a valuable tool that helps children and families navigate challenges and build on their strengths.
Looking Ahead: Why Language Matters
Language shapes how we view autism. Talking about “types of autism” may seem harmless, but it can reinforce outdated ideas that don’t reflect today’s scientific understanding. By shifting the conversation to levels of autism and the autism spectrum umbrella, we focus on what truly matters: giving people the support they need, when they need it.
It also helps break stigma. Instead of comparing one “type” to another, we understand that every person on the spectrum is unique and valuable, with potential that can flourish when they receive the appropriate support.
Moving Beyond “Types of Autism”
So, what are the types of autism? The best answer is this: there aren’t fixed types anymore. Autism is a spectrum, unified under one umbrella, and understood through levels of support rather than outdated categories.
This evolution in autism classification reflects decades of research. Still, more importantly, it reflects a more profound commitment to seeing individuals with autism for who they truly are, not just their challenges, but their strengths, dreams, and potential.
At ABA Centers of Virginia, we know how overwhelming the journey can feel for families. That’s why we offer services like diagnostic testing, early intervention, and ABA therapy to support children and teens with autism in Arlington, Washington D.C., and other areas across the state. Whether you’re just beginning to explore a diagnosis or looking for ongoing support, our team is here to help.
Contact us today by calling us at (855) 957-1892 or connect online to learn more about how we can support your family on this journey.
